Articles

Maintenance of Groundwater Quality Throughout Twenty Years of Reuse
D. Albrey Arrington, Richard C. Dent
Abstract

Bench-Scale Testing and Cost Comparisons of UV Disinfection Enhanced by Ozone
David C. Hagan, Kwok-Keung Au
Abstract

Effects of Desalination Brine Waste Blended with Treated Wastewater in the Aquatic Environment of San Francisco Bay
Scott Bodensteiner, Matt Zinkl, Jenner McCloskey, Susanne Brander, Larry Grabow, Paul Sellier
Abstract

Designing a Zero Liquid Discharge Water Treatment Plant in California
Maryam Alborzfar,  James D. Mavis Jr.
Abstract

Water Reuse Trends in the Electronics Industry
Vyacheslav Libman, Andreas Neuber
Abstract

Minimizing Liquid Waste Discharge from Municipal Reverse Osmosis Plants
Robert Y. Ning and Thomas L. Troyer
Abstract

Feasibility of Co-Locating Desalination Facilities with Power Plants in South Florida
Larry VandeVenter, Ashie Akpoji , Alejandro Toro, Robert K. Race
Abstract

The Loxahatchee River Environmental Control District (LRD) operates an 11 MGD AADF wastewater treatment facility and associated slow-rate public access land application (reuse) system located in southeastern Florida. Since 1984, the LRD has treated and disbursed more than 21 billion gallons of reclaimed wastewater, used to irrigate ten locations including golf courses and a large, mixed use community with schools, public parks, a stadium, and 4,000 residences. Prior to and following the addition of a site to the reuse system, groundwater quality was monitored on a quarterly basis at a background well and up to three compliance wells. Analysis of groundwater data collected at our reuse sites show the application of reuse water has no system-wide, negative effect on any of the monitored water quality parameters. Our findings demonstrate that environmental quality of groundwater has been maintained after more than 20 years of application of reclaimed water.

David C. Hagan1, Kwok-Keung Au²

¹Greeley and Hansen, Tampa, FL.
²Greeley and Hansen, Chicago, IL.


Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of ozone to enhance ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for providing a high-level disinfection of reclaimed water generated at Tampa’s 96-mgd Howard F. Curren Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (HFCAWTP), while meeting the limits for chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in Florida at an alternative discharge location.  To achieve this objective, the following activities were performed: (1) bench-scale testing using HFCAWTP filtered effluent for an ozone plus UV disinfection approach and for the approach of using UV disinfection alone, (2) development of the bases of design for both approaches based on the bench-scale testing results and long term on-site monitoring data, and (3) the comparison of cost for both approaches.

Scott Bodensteiner¹, Matt Zinkl¹, Jenner McCloskey¹, Susanne Brander¹, Larry Grabow², Paul Sellier²

¹Weston Solutions, Inc., Oakland, CA.
²Marin Municipal Water District, Larkspur, CA.


Abstract

This paper examines the results of eco-toxicity testing performed with a blend of brine produced by the Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) reverse osmosis desalination pilot plant and treated wastewater from the Central Marin Sanitation Agency (CMSA).  The study involved several marine species exposed to varying blends of brine and wastewater.  Results show the absence of any significant impact to receiving water biota. A subset of the data also show potential RO brine capacity for mitigating toxicity in wastewater effluents during periods where contaminants may be more concentrated within the discharge stream.

Designing a Zero Liquid Discharge Water Treatment Plant in California

Maryam Alborzfar¹ and  James D. Mavis Jr.²

¹CH2M HILL Inc., Santa Ana, California.
²CH2M HILL Inc., Bellevue, Washington.


Abstract

Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) was selected as the most efficient treatment process for the new 22.7 mega liters per day (ML/d) [6 million gallons per day (MGD)] water treatment plant at Fort Irwin, California. An EDR membrane system with 92 percent water recovery will be constructed and produce water to meet the drinking water objectives. Lime softening, reverse osmosis, mechanical evaporation and solar evaporation were selected to treat the 8 percent EDR concentrate stream thereby establishing a zero liquid discharge (ZLD) system. Treating the brine concentrate will ultimately increase the overall plant recovery to over 99 percent. The plant waste will comprise non hazardous salt crystals that will be disposed to a nearby landfill. This paper presents challenges faced in design the ZLD facility at Fort Irwin.

Vyacheslav Libman¹, Andreas Neuber²

¹Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, U.S.A.
²M+W Zander FE GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany.


Abstract

The semiconductor industry continues to grow at a high rate, leading to dramatically increased water consumption. A sustainable growth rate therefore depends for many locations on the capability to recycle and reclaim water. A range of case studies presents potential solutions which have been successfully implemented. These solutions are often specific to the location and to the way how a specific fab is operated. Different treatment technologies are discussed with regard to the impact of water reduction and the overall water management concept.

Robert Y. Ning and Thomas L. Troyer

¹King Lee Technologies, San Diego, CA.


Abstract

High recovery of water with RO membranes is by far the most efficient method of processing waste and brackish water. If emerging successes in the intermediate precipitative treatment of the limiting foulants can become widely successful, a tandom second RO step of similar recovery rates will already reach an overall water recovery of 97-99%. The remaining 1-3% of the original water volume can be addressed with evaporative concentrators. Here we present the well water analyses of three municipal systems within 25 miles radius of Riverside, CA. In each case, due to the cost of discharging concentrate into a brine line to the sea, close to limiting primary RO recoveries have been reached. The results of autopsies and foulant analyses performed on membranes from these three plants identify the foulants that need to be precipitatively removed before treatment with a secondary RO.

Feasibility of Co-Locating Desalination Facilities with Power Plants in South Florida

Larry VandeVenter¹, Ashie Akpoji² , Alejandro Toro³, Robert K. Race⁴

¹ Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Wakefield, MA.
² South Florida Water Management. District, West Palm Beach, FL.
³ Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Coral Gables, FL.
⁴ Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Tampa, FL.


Abstract

The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) manages water resources for approximately 7 million people. With depleting groundwater sources of supply (Biscayne aquifer), seawater desalination is increasingly being considered as an alternative to brackish groundwater sources. The SFWMD faces significant challenges in identifying and prioritizing possible locations for co-locating desalination facilities with existing power plants. This paper summarizes results of the evaluation of the technical, regulatory, and economic feasibility of reverse osmosis seawater treatment co-located with electrical power plants in South Florida. Candidate sites were screened to evaluate source water characteristics, concentrate disposal options, electric utility interest, water utility demand, regulatory and environmental issues, political and public support, planning level costs and degree of risk. Three sites (Ft. Myers, Lauderdale, and Port Everglades) were identified with favorable screening results and recommended for further evaluation including conceptual design and specifications for a pilot study or demonstration project.

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