Integration of the Recip® System with U.V. Disinfection for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment and the Impact on Microbial Dynamics
L.L. Behrends, L. Houck, P. Jansen, C. Shea
Abstract

Compliance, Wet Weather Disinfection, Automation, and Success with Hypochlorite Conversion in Portland, ME
Paul F. Birkel, Scott Firmin, Ron Fluet
Abstract

Hypochlorite Conversion Provides Improved Disinfection Safety and Reliability in Portland, OR
Grover Jones, Heather Stephens, Garry Ott
Abstract

Optimizing Disinfection of Wet Weather Flows Not Receiving Biological Treatment
Clifford J. Arnett, Mark Boner, Paula Gurney, Jessica Bowman
Abstract

UV Disinfection Leads to Regulatory Approval of Higher Filtration Rates and Increased Plant Capacity
Aaron W. Duke, William C. Becker, Michael G. Marschner, Peter C. D’Adamo, August T. Koloras
Abstract

Study of Effluent Disinfection for Urban Rivers in Chicago
David R. Zenz, Kam P. Law, Anthony B. Bouchard, Richard Lanyon, Joseph Sobanski, Thomas Kunetz, Charles Haas, Kellogg Schwab, Benito Marinas
Abstract

Security Consequences When Switching From Free Chlorine to Monochloramine Disinfectants
Dan Kroll, Karl King, Mark Ginsberg
Abstract

Bram J. Martijn¹*, Bram J. van der Veer², Joop C. Kruithof ^1,3

¹ PWN Water Supply Company North Holland, PO Box 2113, 1990 AC Velserbroek, The Netherlands.
² Evides, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
³ Wetsus Centre for Sustainable Water Technology, PO Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract
Trihalomethane (THM) formation exceeding the new Dutch drinking water standard has forced surface water treatment plants to abandon breakpoint chlorination. Feasibility of alternatives for primary disinfection, O3 and UV and formation of related byproducts such as bromate, nitrite and assimilable organic carbon (AOC), have been studied. Furthermore, byproduct formation associated with advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s) O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2 has been studied. AOC, formed in the ozone- and UV- based processes, was reduced effectively by biologically active post-filtration, resulting in biologically stable water. For two drinking water supply companies, bromate formation in the ozone based processes could not be controlled to levels below the Dutch bromate standard (5.0 μg/L, in the case of Evides) or recommendation (0.5 μg /L, in the case of PWN) without compromising the treatment objectives. This paper presents the successful retrofitting of two treatment plants who abandon breakpoint chlorination, consider ozone-based processes, and finally implement UB-based processes.

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L.L. Behrends^1*, L. Houke¹, P. Jansen¹, C. Shea¹

¹ Environmental Technologies, Tennessee Valley Authority
Muscle Shoals, AL, USA 35662
*To whom correspondence should be directed.

Abstract
A novel on-site wastewater treatment system (ReCip®) was modified by installing low pressure, low intensity U.V. lights (25 and/or 65 watt) into the system’s pumping operation.  This modification exposed wastewater to low intensity U.V. light up to 24 times per day.  Additionally, two subsurface-flow wetlands were installed down-gradient from the ReCip-U.V. treatment unit to facilitate removal of nitrate and to evaluate potential re-growth of indicator organisms (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus). The system treated from 200 to 400 gallons of wastewater each day (0.87 m3 influent +/- 0.266 m3/day). During the final six months of monitoring, the U.V. light configuration (65 watt lamps in each of cells C and D) resulted in 3-5 log reductions in MPN of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus. The use of U.V. did not impact wastewater treatment and the integrated ReCip-U.V. system provided excellent removal of suspended solids, odor, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), TKN, and ammonia-nitrogen. 

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Paul F. Birkel¹, Scott Firmin^2*, Ron Fluet³

¹Wright-Pierce.
²Portland Water District, 225 Douglass Street, Box 3553; Portland, ME  04104.
³Results Engineering.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract
The Portland Water District (PWD) owns and operates the 19.8 mgd East End Wastewater Treatment Facility (EEWWTF) in Portland, Maine.  Faced with obsolete gaseous chlorination and dechlorination systems, compliance issues, safety concerns, and regulatory program requirements, PWD decided to replace the disinfection and dechlorination systems. The new systems include properly sized pumps and storage facilities. The system includes residual trim control of chlorine dosing and feed-forward control of the dechlorination process.  Chemical use is totalized in SCADA for record keeping and reporting. The project embraced a new approach to project delivery.  In addition to design and construction administration services, the engineer, Wright-Pierce, took on the responsibility of control logic programming of the new system. Through use of SCADA, PWD modified flow regulation and the plant’s transition to and from a wet weather mode. PWD has dramatically decreased the number of violations associated with its disinfection system as a result of this project. 

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Grover Jones^1*, Heather Stephens², Garry Ott³

¹ HDR Engineering, Inc., Portland, OR 97204-1134
² Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, Portland, OR 97204-1134
³ Bureau of Environmental Services, City of Portland, Portland, OR 97204-1134
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract
The City of Portland’s Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant used gaseous chlorine delivered in railcars to provide disinfection needs. Increasing plant loadings, staff safety training needs, risk management program administrative costs, and safety concerns led the City to proceed in 2003 with design and construction of a bulk hypochlorite system.  Construction of the project began in March 2005, and was completed in two phases in July 2006. The project included: removal of the existing gas chlorine system while maintaining continuous disinfection, new bulk sodium hypochlorite storage, pumped transfer of hypochlorite from bulk storage to intermediate loop storage, two continuously pumped recirculating hypochlorite loops to disinfection points, new metering pumps at four disinfection points. The project significantly improved plant and community safety, provided redundancy against disruption of disinfection, and will meet buildout disinfection chemical demands with no further addition of plant chlorination system infrastructure at the plant.

Clifford J. Arnett¹, Mark Boner^2*, Paula Gurney², Jessica Bowman²

¹Columbus Water Works, Columbus, Georgia, 31902-1600.
²WWETCO, LLC, Atlanta, GA, 30324.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract
Over the last decade substantial research has been conducted to characterize, control and cost-effectively mitigate urban area wet weather bacteria for compliance with CSO, SSO, blending and stormwater policies and regulations. Approaches to disinfecting wastewaters impacted by wet weather flows, including chemical and UV disinfection following multiple levels of non-biological pretreatment, were tested in Atlanta and Columbus, GA, Syracuse, NY and Akron, OH. This paper summarizes the most significant common findings from these studies with transferable applications pertinent to cost-effective inactivation of bacteria. Application of findings to the management of pathogens in other urban area (non-wastewater) watersheds through the use of adaptive technologies including flow control, compressed media filtration and UV disinfection to support measurable improvement objectives under EPA’s TMDL program, is also discussed (Columbus, GA).

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Aaron W. Duke^1*, William C. Becker¹, Michael G. Marschner², Peter C. D’Adamo³, August T. Koloras⁴

¹ Hazen and Sawyer, 11242 Waples Mill Rd, Ste 250, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030.
² Frederick County Division of Utilities and Solid Waste Management, 4520 Metropolitan Court, Frederick, Maryland, 21704.
³ HDR, 128 South Tryon St, Ste 1400, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28202.
⁴ Rummel, Klepper & Kahl, 3512 Concord Road, York, Pennsylvania, 17402.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract
The Frederick County Department of Utilities and Solid Waste Management has entered into a supply agreement with the City of Frederick, Maryland to provide up to 8 MGD of drinking water as early as 2008. This requires that the capacity of the New Design Road Water Treatment Plant be more than doubled in the next two years while simultaneously complying with the Stage 2 Disinfection By-Product and Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rules.  One means of achieving the plant capacity required by the supply agreement was to re-rate the existing filters. An innovative use of ultraviolet light (UV) disinfection was negotiated with the Maryland Department of the Environment to allow an increase in the plant’s filtration rate from 4 gpm/sf to 5 gpm/sf.  By incorporating UV disinfection into their plants, some treatment facilities may have the opportunity to increase plant capacity without construction of new conventional treatment processes.

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David R. Zenz^1*, Kam P. Law¹, Anthony B. Bouchard¹, Richard Lanyon², Joseph Sobanski², Thomas Kunetz², Charles Haas³, Kellogg Schwab⁴, Benito Marinas⁵

¹Consoer Townsend Envirodyne Engineers, Inc.
²Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.
³Drexel University.
⁴John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
⁵University of Illinois.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract
Consoer Townsend Envirodyne Engineers, Inc. (CTE) was retained in 2004 by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (District) to provide engineering services to prepare a comprehensive Infrastructure and Process Needs Feasibility Study (Feasibility Study) for the North Side Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) and conduct studies of water quality management options for the urban rivers of Chicago.  This paper documents the results of the CTE study of effluent disinfection alternatives for the District’s North Side, Calumet and Stickney WRPs which have average design flows of 333 million gallons per day (MGD), 354 MGD and 1,200 MGD, respectively.  The results of this study will be used by the state and federal environmental protection agencies in the Use Attainability Analysis (UAA) being conducted for the urban receiving rivers of the three District WRPs.  As part of the UAA, there is a possibility that the current secondary contact use for the urban rivers of Chicago may be changed which may require effluent disinfection at the District’s North Side, Calumet and Stickney WRPs. The cost of effluent disinfection must be considered in the UAA process along with the potential public health impacts. Based upon the cost estimate and depending upon the effluent disinfection technologies chosen, the combined capital cost for effluent disinfection for the three largest District WRPs could exceed $1.8 billion and annual operation and maintenance costs could exceed $43 million.

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Dan Kroll^1*, Karl King¹, Mark Ginsberg²

¹ Hach HST, Loveland, Colorado, 80529.
² US Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Lab, Champaign, Ill. 61826.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract
Switching to monochloramine as a residual disinfectant has been deemed to be an effective means to meet limits for disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Many municipalities have switched indicating that the perceived advantages outweigh the disadvantages.  We have become increasingly concerned that there are drawbacks related to security that are overlooked during the decision process. We have studied the interactions of a number of potential threat agents with different levels of various disinfectants while developing an early warning system for water security.  The experimental design entailed the gathering of bulk parameter data for a wide variety of agents at different concentrations.  This resulted in an extensive database on the reactions of these agents in common drinking water scenarios. This revealed some disadvantages associated with switching to monochloramine.

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